On the Brand Elements of Vodafone

Vodafone India has an integrated marketing strategy to ensure that they reach the maximum customer base and provide a number of touch points for the user. The sales and distribution of Vodafone products is done through their dedicated outlets as well as other outlets, small shops and stores. Vodafone has set up similar format Vodafone stores all over India to give their consumers a seamless and coherent experience wherever they maybe.At the same time a number of mini stores ensure that the customers have more number of places to resolve their minor problems and enquiries. These also provide a venue for the customers to settle their bill dues immediately. Vodafone India also pushes its sim cards through general retailers and pays them a small margin on the sale of each sim card. Post paid consumers are given offers and upgrade schemes to ensure that the company maintains a relationship with them. Thus the sales and distribution aspects of Vodafone in India are taken care by Dedicated outlets:Mini outlets Retail shops Mobile shopsThe marketing communications of Vodafone are typically very up market and generally the positioning is such that amongst the masses Vodafone is perceived as an aspirational brand. With a focus on the â€Å"Power To You† positioning all the current advertisements of Vodafone are focusing on picturization of the benefit that the consumer will get once he becomes a Vodafone customer. The marketing communications always depict Vodafone as a young and up market brand. The TV advertisements of Vodafone are always targeted at ensuring that the customer can understand the benefit that they want to offer.Vodafone typically does not emphasize strongly on print ads and radio ads. Although at the times of important tie ups and events one can see single page ads in the newspapers, magazines etc as well as small audio clips on the radio network. Vodafone uses the events platform as a promotion tool. Events like IPL which are sure to grab eye ba lls are sponsored by Vodafone and large scale TV advertising is done to ensure that the customer may avail IPL related services on his handset. Currently Vodafone has combined with the highest TRP grossing Big Boss and is providing a chance to the customers to visit the Big Boss house.AdvertisingVodafone lays special emphasis on creative advertising. They came up with the highly successful zoo zoo campaign which became a hit with all the consumers. All their ads clearly portray the benefit for the user and are done in such a way such as to induce good brand recall. Television advertising is a major tool used by Vodafone to push its brand as well as the promotions that they are coming up with. From time to time they use other media like print and radio also to push their product or offering to the masses.EventsVodafone ties up with a number of events which are designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. They generally combine with high popularity TV shows and even ts which provides them good eye balls and ensures that a particular number of people always view what they have to offer. Vodafone emphasizes more on above the line activity. Their strong  financial background ensures that they can pump in their money in such events and ensure a strong brand recall.Interactive MarketingVodafone is making extensive use of the online segment to involve more and more consumers with the brand. They have a presence on all the social networking sites and are providing special offers on those pages as well. A number of users can connect with the brand and talk , discuss about the various aspects of the brand online itself. They periodically keep revising the promotional offer advertisement that they put up on such pages. They are providing their entire range of products, service and promotion related information on these sites.Vodafone Communication Strategies:Brand ElementsBrand elements are those trademarked devices that serve to identify and different iate the brand. These are also sometimes known as brand identities. Items like brand name, logo, mnemonics, characters, spokespersons, slogans and jingles are some items that can be characterized as brand elements. All or most of them are trademarked and registered by the parent company of the brand and these are what appear in front of the consumer in the brand’s communication and help increase recall of the brand as these are things that the consumers remember a brand by it.According to theory, there are some specific criteria which need to be kept in mind while deciding on the brand elements. These are points which when satisfied help in serving the full purpose of having brand elements. Some of these criteria are:1. Memorable – These elements should be easily recognized and can be easily recalled.2. Meaningful – If not all then most of the brand elements should have a meaning and should associated in some or the other way with the culture and values of the b rand.3. Likeable – In simple terms brand elements should be fun, interesting or may be aesthetically pleasing so that the consumers like it and attach positive connotations with these elements.4. Transferable – Brand elements need to be the same for different markets and geographies, for different product or service categories. So transferability across these boundaries is critical.5. Adaptable – They must be flexible and the company should be able to update them as and when required.6. Protectable – They should be legally protected from counterfeiting and copyrights violation. Brand Name – VodafoneVodafone is one of the biggest telcom operators in the world along with other big names like Bharti Airtel, Idea and AT&T. It carries with itself a reputation of being one of the finest telecom service providers across the world and the name carries an element of desire with it. In India, the brand was earlier known as Vodafone Essar, due to the parent c ompany’s holding pattern. However, Essar has been a business name since long in the country and is associated with other businesses as well.So the â€Å"Essar† part was done away with and the brand name is now â€Å"Vodafone†. It being a foreign brand attracts consumers and the consumers already on the subscriber list feel proud to be associated with a big international brand. It is easy in terms of memorability and meaning and having a long history attached to it along with the geographies Vodafone is now operating in, it has proved its adaptability and transferability. Brand LogoVodafone calls it the â€Å"Speechmark Logo†. It is a quotation mark in a circle. The quotation marks before and end of a conversation is depicted in the logo and Red color has been its corporate color for long.The name is written below the design. It is the same logo as is used globally although in some areas like Portugal Vodafone has used a different logo. This is vital as it shows to the consumer that the company will offer the same level of quality in service as is being provided globally. Overall the logo has been there for a long period of time. So from the consumer’s point of view, it is memorable and the red color is liked by one and all. It is protected from any violation like copying or faking. It is a likeable logo which helps in increasing the recall of the brand as soon as the logo appears in from of the consumer.URL (Uniform Resource Locator)The website link or URL for the global website is http://www.vodafone.com and the link to the Indian website is http://www.vodafone.in. These are registered domain names so protection is taken care of. As there are provisions of checking and making bill payments online, going through various tariff rates and value added services details on the website, the online interface is a very vital component among the brand elements. The URL simply has the name of the brand and ‘in’ for India a s the extension. It is easy to remember and use, hence making it an effective brand element.CharactersCharacters represent a special type of brand symbol, one that takes on human or real-life characteristics. Since Vodafone entered into the Indian market, there have been two primary characters associated with the brand. The first is the famous pug which was used in the earlier advertisements and portrayed the consistency of service in the tagline â€Å"Wherever you go, our network follows†. The second and extremely popular character which Vodafone created was the Zoozoo.Real people wore grey suits to portray comical characters in a major communication campaign aimed at increasing awareness about the value added services provided by Vodafone. The campaign includes every channel from television and print advertising to billboards and hoardings at the point of sale. Zoozoos as a character have been loved by one and all and have helped tremendously in increasing the brand awarene ss among consumers.However sometimes characters take on such a presence in the mind of the consumer that the characters dominate the brand name itself. Zoozoos have become such a phenomena today that people generally would watch the advertisement and switch the channel before any message is communicated. So in the long run, continuing this campaign indefinitely could hurt Vodafone’s brand equity in India. SlogansSlogans can contribute to brand equity in multiple ways. They can play off the brand name to build brand awareness and image and can also contain product related information and other meanings. Vodafone’s current slogans in the 2010 advertising campaign is â€Å"Isn’t it nice when someone makes you feel special† and â€Å"Power to you†. The ads focus on the close friendship of two school girls and the care each one shows for the other.The company wishes to communicate to the consumer the various value added services it offers, which it term s as â€Å"Vodafone Delights†, to indicate their services intend to delight the consumer in every possible way and the slogan powerfully conveys that Vodafone is a brand that cares about its consumers and believe in doing the small little things to delight them and make them feel special always.Their previous slogans like â€Å"Happy to Help†, â€Å"Power to you† and â€Å"Wherever you go our network follows† have been equally successful in associating different meanings with the brand; meanings like consistency of service, the consumers’ power to choose what service to avail and what to pay for and the brand being ever present in case of any need for the consumer. JinglesMost consumers remember the â€Å"You and I in this beautiful world† jingle, which ran as background in the communication campaign consisting of the pug following the kid, helping him and doing chores for him. The current campaign has the jingle â€Å"The little things you do†, a sweet and melodious song which portrays the intended message quite well. Vodafone’s jingles’ strongest point is their likeability and consumers tend to remember them very conveniently. Jingles, have hence always been a critical brand element for Vodafone. Communication CampaignsVodafone keeps coming out with new communication campaigns at regular time  intervals. It ran the â€Å"Pug† campaign for some time initially. Then it launched the â€Å"Zoozoo† campaign and now it has recently launched the â€Å"Vodafone delights† campaign. Another small campaign that had been running until recently was the â€Å"Rs. 4 me sab kuch† which had a speaking parrot trying to convince people that four rupees are of no value today but Vodafone offers a lot of things in just that amount.These changes in communication campaign strategies and focus on different things every time shows that Vodafone stresses on being innovative in its advertising , trying to come up with something new and refreshing, which will be liked and remembered by the consumer for a long time. They have never used media or sports celebrities for their communication, unlike competitors like Airtel, Idea and Reliance who use sports celebrities and bollywood stars like Abhishek Bachchan and Hrithik Roshan for their endorsements and advertising.Their campaigns generally have had a 360 degree approach, reaching the audience through multiple channels. Some of the channels which Vodafone always covers are:1. Television advertising is done on most popular channels and in major sports events that generally have a long run and are repeated all over the year.2. Newspapers/Magazine advertisements in all major dailies, but mostly in English newspapers, business newspapers and general and economics magazines.3. Hoardings/Billboards on the highways and on the bus stops all over major cities across the country are helping increase awareness and hence, recall of the b rand.4. Small prints at point of sale, varying from major retail outlets to small panwari shops.5. Event sponsorships for major sporting events like Indian Premier League and the UEFA Champions League in football, an event widely followed in India now. Infact according to a research, Vodafone along with Pepsi were found to be the most visible brands after IPL ended earlier this year.6. Radio – On radio they have only run the â€Å"Parrot† campaign as this does not require any major display to go with the voice.Overall their communication campaigns have been innovative and appealing enough to not only attract the consumer’s attention but also make and maintain the brand’s position is the mind ladders. The Zoozoo campaign according to people was a little over run and at one point of time was contributing to creating a perceptual block in the consumers’ mind.So the new Parrot and Delights campaigns have freshened things up. There have been other small campaigns as well, one prominent one which had Formula 1 racer Lewis Hamilton featured in it. However the recall for that ad is very low and it can be categorized as an unsuccessful campaign.

Wireless Industry

The Wireless Industry in Canada is comprised of establishments engaged in providing telecommunication and/or services over network facilities operated by them. The establishments in the industry can own a network, lease a network, or combined these two facilities (NAICS , 2010). With limited regulatory barriers and availability of mobile technologies, the internal weaknesses of the industry have been overcome by strengths through job creations and investment and the Canadian Market. These internal strengths have led the wireless industry to become what is known as the fastest growing industry in North America and Western Europe. Traditional telecommunication companies are having a hard time increasing their customer base because of regulatory barriers and availability of mobile technologies (Anwar, 2003). Market capitalization poses a weakness to the industry. However, this trend is more noted in the European and Asia market, and has not impacted Canada the same. During the boom times, telecom companies maintained high market capitalization which signify an industry that is dominated by digital and Internet-related markets and surging consumer demand (Anwar, 2003). The wireless industry in Canada contributes $39 billion and roughly 300,000 jobs to the economy (CWTA, 2008). With more than $1 billion invested by Canadian wireless carriers in communication infrastructure each year, Canada has become stronger in the investments in the country and its people. The demand for highly skilled wireless communications specialists is so great that Canadian post-secondary institutions are creating programs specifically geared to the wireless industry. Furthermore, the wireless sector offers high value employment with an average salary level of $59,000, compared to a Canadian average salary of $42,640 (CWTA, 2008). Wireless carriers in Canada now expand their services to 99 percent of Canadians, increasing yearly the mobile phone subscribers (reaching 24 million in September 2010) (CWTA, 2008). Approximately 75 percent of Canadian households have access to a wireless phone, sending approximately 163 million text messages a day. The total wireless revenues in Canada were $16.8 billion in 2009 (CWTA, 2008). With this substantial popularity, the evolution of this market within Canada there are still a wide variety of strengths and weaknesses to be utilized and overcome by those organizations ready to effectively take on the challenge. Despite facing threats from external factors, the wireless industry is continuously evolving, giving it the upper hand, along with many opportunities. Much of the wireless industries success comes from the constant growth of technology, as well as, consumer demands. Through consumer trends such as going green, our accustomed lifestyle filled with convenience, and rapid increase in the mobile network, the wireless industry and its infinite possibilities have become the future of communication. Thus this ever-changing ability to develop and evolve is a major external strength for this industry. But having total creative licence to try and pull ahead of the competition, the possibilities in regards to innovation are endless. Green has become more than just a colour in recent years due to the current trend of becoming environmentally friendly and aware consumers. This has become extremely relevant in the wireless industry since, as mentioned by Anne Leonard in â€Å"The Story of Electronics†, electronics are â€Å"designed for the dump.† (Leonard, 2010) Therefore more garbage means more opportunities for recycling. Not only is this an opportunity to attract and meet consumer demands but, going green in the wireless industry would allow the ability to reuse materials, hence making products less costly. By creating green products, a company would be enabled to remain competitive in their industry to fulfill consumer’s need of convenience, and also environmentally friendly and recognizing the importance of the new consumer attitude. Figure 1: Ericsson Vision by 2020 Source: Ericsson Vision 2020 Time is of the essence and consumers now, more than ever, value convenience and accessibility. This provides the wireless industry the perfect opportunity due to the fact that according to Ericsson, an estimated 50 billion devices will be created by 2020. (Ericsson, 2009) As shown in Figure 1, electronics will overwhelmingly be part of our daily lives whether that is at home, work, or in society as a whole. These rising needs will provide the wireless industry with ample opportunities to create new products, as technology permits. Some specific opportunities may include the simple idea of the ability to communicate closely with your consumers through code scanning, to provide necessary information and by providing mobile services such as mobile coupons, which also ties into the green trend. Figure 2: Wireless Industry Market Share Breakdown Ericsson Vision by 2020 Source: CWTA Wireless Facts and Figures 2010 The wireless industry is an oligopoly, meaning that there are a few major competitors in the market. This is a great opportunity especially with â€Å"wireless being a cash cow for the industry, it has been â€Å"enormously† profitable for Rogers, Bell, and Telus.† (Report: Canadian Consumers Not Seeing Benefits From Wireless Industry Competition, 2010). As demonstrated in Figure 2, Rogers, Bell, and Telus control the majority of the market share and as the industry grows so will their sales Even though individual electronics may have a short life cycle, the overall wireless industry proves to be one of the largest and fastest growing industries. At the same time, this can be seen as a weakness, depending on which corporation you are examining. By not competing effectively with the major players within the market, it can be very easy to fall behind and eventually out of this very profitable industry. In order to keep up with Canada’s rapidly growing wireless industry the need for better regulation and easier entry into the industry is a must. There are 99% of Canadians taking advantage of the coverage offered by wireless carriers (C W T A / A C T S). It is imperative for the growth of the industry that international competitors are allowed into the Canadian market. This weakness could easily be turned into a strength as the wireless industry would benefit from increased regulations among carriers; it will allow for more consistency and will aid in capturing the remaining 1% of the Canadian population. Not only does regulation in the industry create happier consumers but it will also allow for customer loyalty for the existing competitors and drive their sales up. Throughout a geographically diverse nation, Canada boasts one of the highest broadband penetration rates in the world and Canadian companies have learned to provide world-class services, despite the geographical challenges and the smaller population centres. This weakness has already been overcome by the strength within the service and technology of this Canadian industry. By overcoming the difficulties of the geography and dispersed population centres within Canada, quality service is being provided to all, as well as upgraded and maintain on a daily basis by teams of professional staff an other industries working together. Canada also faces challenges within its wireless industry in regards to commercializing innovation and exporting it successfully to international markets. And tying in with this is another weakness of this Canadian Industry, are the limited resources of these small to medium sized enterprises. â€Å"Canadian operators have historically taken a â€Å"smart follower† approach to the commercial deployment of technology† (Kazam Technologies, 2006). Thus the needed resources of people, time and investments that would be required to successfully establish an organization within and international market present many challenges to the industry. The last current strength within the Canadian wireless industry, is the introduction of a new player which has promised to bring its Canadian organization even closer to the major players of Bell, Telus and now Wind Mobile. The major Chinese telecommunications solutions provider has set up its North American headquarters in Markham Ontario, bringing the province a state-of-the-art test lab designed to help improve the telecommunications industry in Canada (Beta, 2011). The organization named Huawei, headquarters currently employs approximately 200 people and will †expand our highly competitive offerings and support capabilities to our key customers in Canada† (Beta, 2011). Through this company’s commitment to strengthening the wireless industry in Canada along with our economy, there are sure to be some major advancements in years to come. There is no doubt that the wireless industry will only continue to grow. Consumers’ demands are an enormous part of the success of this industry and because of this it is absolutely necessary that these companies are paying attention to the constant changes in lifestyles. The extent of this success hinges heavily on the consumers and their wants. Throughout the external analysis of this popular and widely used industry we have mentioned many strengths and weaknesses within the market. Through the careful planning and managing of the concepts in both of these external areas, individual organizations have the potential to flourish and grow within the industry. Bibliography http://www.iphoneincanada.ca/carriers/report-canadian-consumers-not-seeing-benefits-from-wireless-industry-competition

Precis: the Death of English (Lol)

Precis: The Death of English (LOL) Andrew Chan Language changes as a result of advancement in society, especially today, with the advances due to technology. Technology gives us new ways to communicate, which in turn changes the way we use language. Controversy has arisen with this topic. Some people say that the development of technological advances is in fact deteriorating the English language. Others, though, say that new technology promotes beneficial changes To an extent the English language is suffering because of technology.Technology is not all the fault though. I feel that it is the fault of the society too because they have indulged text language in more than one setting. Whereas it should be kept in the phone realm it has drifted into homework and essays that are handed in for a grade in schools. I do not think that text language or any other short hand is bad if it is kept in an appropriate setting and not used as a substitute for spelling words in the English language. T ext language is like hanging out with friends.In that setting you are comfortable and may not use proper English all of the time but the minute you step foot into a situation with someone of prestige (i. e. a professor) you began to utilize your knowledge for grammar and other important factors that help make up the English language. We just have to remedy the fact that people feel that text language or anything similar can be used anywhere by providing guidelines as to the appropriate use and the appropriate settings this short hand can be used.

The Operating Budget for the City of Cincinnati Ohio Research Paper

The Operating Budget for the City of Cincinnati Ohio - Research Paper Example Possessing the knowledge of budget is a pre requirement to have an impact on the city government. The local self government of the Cincinnati city is biennial. It can be seen that municipalities in Cincinnati have the power of the local self government to enforce sanitary regulations as well as other such regulations, which would not be in conflict with the general laws. Many of the important decisions regarding various operations in the city are done when creating the budget. The biennial has various responsibilities such as supplying clean and pure water to the public. In the city, various efforts were taken by the government to reduce violence through more stringent implementation of criminal justice system aided by law enforcement as well as other community organizations. 1. Budget Overview: 1. Financial Summary, including Revenue and Expenditures In the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, the biennial local governments utilize funds to maintain different types of revenue and expenditure a ccounts, keeping them separated from each other depending upon the goal of the fund. The budget of the city of Cincinnati is arranged on the basis of cash with the exemption of accrued employee benefit costs and personnel services. In the basis of cash accounting, revenue is identified when it is received and a cost is identified when it is paid. The city reports various governmental funds including General Fund, Capital Projects Fund, Debt Service Fund and other such important proprietary funds include Water Works Enterprise Fund. The city assembles, sells and purifies water to facilitate businesses and most importantly the residents of Cincinnati. Revenue consists mainly of user costs. 2. Department Budgets: The department budget of the city of Cincinnati permits to evaluate the costs and expenses connected to a particular section and whether the profits are adequate to convene these expenses or not. Furthermore, it allows the management to determine its financial performance. Fol lowing are the Department Budgets summary of the City of Cincinnati Ohio in Biennial. (financial plan) 2011 2012 2013 changes to 2013 Budget to 2012 Operating budget 28,120,790 29,221,010 28196430 (10245808) Other expenses 25,425,370 27,413,020 30,121,550 (2708530) Equipment 668,150 1,080,000 801,050 (278950) Operating total 54214310 57714030 59119030 (13233288) Employee Benefits 8, 5641,320 10,437,820 10,112,460 (325360) General Fund Overhead 1,403,550 1,421,590 2,424,890 1003300 Debt Service 2,403,550 2,421,490 2,324,790 (96700) Total 89448420 14280900 14862140 581240 3. Funding: Funding refers to the commercial action of providing capital and funds both in terms of fixed capital as well as working capital. The Cincinnati section of Community Development makes possible the process of funding as well as provides other resources that help in neighborhood revitalization, quality housing and human facilities. General Fund is the accounting unit in which every governmental activity is accounted for. Its incomes comprise intergovernmental shared revenues, taxes, investment income and charges for services. â€Å"General Fund expenditures represent costs of general government, economic development, public safety, public services, public health, parks and recreation, and other services† (City of Cincinnati, 2008, p.27). Capital Projects: Capital Projects are

The Challenges And Opportunities of Tourism Development Essay

The Challenges And Opportunities of Tourism Development - Essay Example it relates to tourism development in areas of spiritual travel, community tourism, and the role of the marketing function to improve regionalised tourism attractiveness and economic sustainability. Opportunities and challenges in tourism development In order to create a quality and effective tourism model, stakeholders involved in the tourism development process must consider long-term sustainability as compared to the Destination Life Cycle Model proposed by Butler (1980), a model maintaining six stages that illustrate growth and eventual decline as related to a specific tourism destination or travel concept. Figure 1: Butler’s (1980) Destination Life Cycle Model Source: Butler (1980) As illustrated by Figure 1, stakeholders involved in tourism development must consider that without maintenance to existing tourism models or without effective marketing prowess, a tourism destination will eventually lose its appeal to multiple traveller demographics. In order to create efficacy within a specific tourism model, planners must consider existing market trends and make projections about future resource procurement and strategy development to extend the life cycle of the tourist destination. Globally, market trends indicate that experienced travellers, as one relevant example, are looking for new, off-the-beaten-path vacation destinations that is leading to considerable growth in ethnic and rural tourism (GIPC 2008). The Destination Life Cycle serves as an appropriate template to measure sustainability of a development strategy, taking into consideration existing market conditions and influences, to make stakeholder-relevant improvements to service quality, environmental biodiversity, or even tangible tourism infrastructure development. There are multiple opportunities... This paper stresses that the five case studies involving Brazil, China, Iran, Tuvalu and India clearly illustrate the complexities and opportunities for ensuring efficacy in a tourism development model. The influence of economic policy and oversight in providing government-sponsored opportunities for economic growth for multiple service providers is significant when attempting to build long-term sustainability. This report makes a conclusion that failure to recognise more than simply the tangible infrastructure in tourism development limits the competitive advantages of a host destination and can actually shorten the life cycle of the region by negating diversity, cultural sensitivity, and flexibility necessary to gain positive market assessment of the tourism experience. Successful tourism development blends quantitative analyses with qualitative knowledge of market preferences and cultural relevancy and then utilising consultation with important stakeholders along the entire tourism value chain in order to achieve long-term results and sustainability for the existing tourism service model. It is only through engagement with critical stakeholders ranging from government to the local tourism support agents in the host community that a successful tourism development model can be constructed and implemented.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example Was their objective to change their image from a conservative clothing store to a more fashion-updated store? Did they want to reposition their products? Are they willing to sacrifice their conservative market just to tap another segment of the market? These are essential questions which should have been addressed before deciding to come up with the ad. Another important aspect which Penny might have overlooked is the pre-testing stage of the advertisement. They should have randomly picked out a â€Å"consumer jury† who will view the ad and see how they would react to the ad. The â€Å"jury† should be representative of their target market, to include their present consumers and the market which they want to tap. Had they done this process, they could have gotten outright feedback on the impact of their ad. 2. How could Penney use public relations strategies to counteract the bad publicity it received as a result of the ad and the t-shirts? As a result of its television commercial entitled â€Å"Attitude Adjustment†, Penny suffered from bad publicity. Their customers reacted negatively. This same problem was encountered by Penny when they came out with a T-shirt design with a slogan â€Å"Home Skooled†. To counter the negative publicity that they experienced from these instances, I think Penny should try to redeem itself and beef up its reputation again.

The DHS Progress Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The DHS Progress - Term Paper Example DHS is presently in the analyzing process of appraising its global footprint of more than 1,500 personnel in 75 countries (DHS, 2011). The massive transformation of the DHS is the biggest restructuring of the government since the late 1940s when the CIA, Defense Department, and National Security Council were formed (Kahn, 2009). Relationship between the DHS and various law enforcement and intelligence agencies has undergone change over the years. Working on a strategy of sharing information by various federal, state, and local-level agencies after the 9/11 threat, it needed to create a â€Å"trusted partnership† among them to make information exchange integrated, interlinked, efficient and automatic to guarantee national security. The two departments, namely the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) manage information connected to homeland security information systems. Other than that, a number of governmental, commercial, and private organizations provide warning signals, updates, and databases to the officials of homeland security to strengthen the action-taking efforts. Besides, state-level â€Å"fusion centers† also assimilate, research, and distribute â€Å"all-source† homeland security information (Bean, 2009). After the 9/11 attack, the need for cooperation among various agencies, such as intelligence, law enforcement, and emergency management has attracted focus. Earlier, there was no information sharing taking place before 9/11. It was noted to be the biggest hurdle that human and system sharing was always discouraged. The need was felt of providing incentives for exchanging information so that an increased equilibrium could be maintained between security and exchanged information. New laws were codified on Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004. Further, such policies and systems were framed and enforced by federal agencies that encouraged information exchange. These attempts got

The Main Features and Problems Faced by Service organisations In Essay

The Main Features and Problems Faced by Service organisations In pursuing this Technique(Banks in the UK) - Essay Example More than 74% of the United States work force for example is employed on this sector (Li H. & Smith L.2001).With a dramatic fall in labour cost, the cost of processing information, overheads has become far more important in the present age of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) with direct labour representing 5%. Thus, it therefore now appears difficult to justify the use of direct labour or direct material as the basis for absorbing overheads.ABC was developed to overcome some of the major problems of the traditional cost accounting. The 80s witnessed an influx of research in to this concept. Activity based costing involves the identification of the factors which cause the costs of an organisations major activities (Lewis; J.R., 1993). In this regard overhead are charged on the basis of their usage of factor causing the overhead. In the UK and the US, information and manufacturing technology are widely used in both manufacturing and the service sector, with both sectors experiencing different degree of the usage (Palmer, A.2000). The four main characteristics inherent to services provide an answer to the main problem of ABC in the service industry. ... There is a strong possibility that the same enquiry would be answered slightly differently by different people. 1.2 Activity based costing and the service industry in the UK (Banking Sector). By the end of the 1980s, ABC became the focal point within the realms of academic researchers, consultants and managers as a means of overcoming the disadvantages of traditional cost allocation methods. Cost accounting was limited to it s usage of one volume sensitive driver (Cooper & Kaplan 1991). By 1990 initial followers of ABC in the manufacturing sector were able to reduce cost, identify opportunities for improvement and determine a more profitable product mix (Cooper & Kaplan 1991). Thus, the concept gradually gain grounds and became popular in the manufacturing sector. In the service sector, the adoption of ABC has been relatively slow, and the concept was rarely used apart from the health and banking sector. A recent study however, by Schultz & Rostocki (2004) concluded that, the rate of adoption of ABC in service and manufacturing industry was now similar. An essential part of managing and ensuring the long term competitiveness of banking institutions in the United Kingdom will be to configure, manage the service deliveries and their chain of distribution processes. The financial sector in the UK, like in any other country is characterised with the following characteristic Banking institutions and other financial houses are price takers. This is so because the prevailing market price has to be accepted. Large number of institutions offering the same services with none of these institutions being able to influence price. However, their actions are not negligible. As a move by institution A will trigger a whole chain of event, in the form of competitive service

The History of the Pirates Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The History of the Pirates - Research Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that, historically, civilization has developed in lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Civilization began in Ancient Egypt. There is evidence that peoples from different parts of the world made journeys across oceans to Ancient Egypt to partake in trade and other activities. This is because there is the mention of ships and boats in Biblical texts like Genesis 49 where Jacob blesses one of his sons to control a port. This shows that ships existed for several thousands of years. Although there are few sources of piracy in that era of Ancient Egypt, there is little evidence that also shows that there was no piracy. This therefore leaves this era of history in some kind of darkness. However, Grainger states that there is evidence that piracy was quite common in the era where Ancient Greece was at its peak. He quotes an instance the Assyrian King Sennacharib who sought to fight piracy in his time. In Grainger's assessment of Sennacharib's attemp t to fight piracy, he notes that the effort was not so successful since there were too many limitations in resources the king had. There were also clear evidence that the pirates had so many options and could evade capture. This is because in that era, there concept of nationality was not so strong and there was little co-operation between nations. This made it difficult to handle instances where ships intercepted other ships and stole the cargo and killed people on the ship. Numerous texts cite that the Phoenicians were notorious for the practice of piracy (Alberton, 2006). These Phoenicians normally operated in the Mediterranean where they attacked ships carrying trade inputs from different parts of the Known World. However, the coming of the Roman Empire saw a single government controlling a large number of nations in the region. This led to some level of naval co-operation that sought to control the activities of pirates and similar criminals (Alberton, 2006) Privateering The Am ericas were discovered by Europeans in 1492. The journey over the Atlantic presented a larger volume of ocean that ships and vessels were to cover. Unlike the Mediterranean which was a small corridor of water, the huge distance between Known World and the New world made it difficult for the waters to be patrolled and piracy controlled. This led to a new age of privateering. Privateering refers to individuals who had no national allegiance

Pubic health priority in uk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pubic health priority in uk - Essay Example It has been also identified that the person smokes for more than one year for around 11 to 15 times. He is aware of the consequences of smoking and wants to quit this behaviour. Considering the intervention, it can be claimed that during designing and delivering a health promotion intervention for an individual, who is a smoker and it is essential to apply the five categorized strategies with the aim of achieving the objectives of integrated health promotion intervention. The intervention process is described below: In this contemporary era, the tendency of consuming tobacco has increased among the adults of the UK, which has caused several diseases among the smokers relating to chronic diseases. Thus, during the intervention process it will be highly essential to prepare an intervention procedure through which the tendency of consuming tobacco can be reduced among the adolescents. Thus, during this stage, it is essential to identify the time span the smoker has been consuming tobacco. At the same time, it is also vital to identify the number of cigarettes he has been consuming per day. Moreover, it is also required to know whether the person has attempted to quit the habit of smoking (Cepeda-Benito, & et. al., 2004). During this stage, it is highly essential to advice all tobacco users to stop consuming tobacco. In this regard, it is highly essential to make understand that respondent about importance of leaving or quit smoking in a clear manner through which the individual will able to understand the smoking involved threats. In this regard, it is essential to make the individual aware about the negative consequences of smoking and also need to provide real example in order to create doubt and fear inside the mind regarding smoking (Illinois Academy of Family Physicians, 2005). After gathering the essential

Strategic Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Strategic Planning - Essay Example It is therefore needed for the proper programming of work structure and proceeding as it provides a clear formula for the problem solving. Strategic planning gives a new structure and outline for the steps to be undertaken in an organization to prevent any misfortune which might come on the way as they carry out their activities. A good strategic plan is one that can allow for the reengineering of the organization structure to counter react to an emerging issue. The issues that may call for the reengineering of the organization structure include a change in leadership or work policy. Strategic planning is also required for the better coordination of the firm with respect to the expected future losses. For an organization to convince their funders or donors, they need to have a strategic plan for their working. Strategic planning is important in an organization for; fulfillment on the obligations of the policy makers and all other stakeholders, with a strategic plan, ways and means by which the set goals and objectives can be achieved is clearly included. It promotes the decision making process through allowing and accommodating divergent ideas, the most efficient decision made is one that is all inclusive, that is it includes all the stakeholders for its implementation. Different ideas from different personalities create room for a choice of approaches to tackle a problem and therefore a better result is obtained. It also enhances quick response to issues emerging and the spirit to cope with them, resilience and responsiveness in an organization forms a very important aspect as it is healthy for those organizations which can be faced off by the changes occurring in their environment. It promotes mind involvement in the learning and action in respect to the future problems and issues (Langford & Male, 2001). Characteristics Strategic plan results from the active participation of the senior legal officials in assistance with other elected or selected staff member s. It calls for open argument of serious matters; this is to be done by the key stakeholders in order to comply with the needs and expectations. This plan also emphasizes on the benefits of having a clearly developed work plan and it also outlines the action to be taken at each stage in the process. It must focus on the current decisions in order to ensure safety in future for the organization, by this it ensures that the firm is favorably placed. Environmental assessment The roles of environmental assessment are; to identify the existing market opportunities including the advantages over their competitors and collaborators, identifying the potential competitors or partners to collaborate with, identifying the market trends and forces to be put into consideration in the business environment. Some of the internal factors that may affect the operation of an organization include; technological advancement where the organization will have to train its employees the new skill required fo r the running of the firm. A firm using modern technology stands a better chance compared to its competitors who have out dated methods of doing the same duties. The other factor is work force diversity which entails the organization having to deal with issues like ethnic groups in the firm, difference in level of knowledge

Fort Hays State University BSN Program Essay Example for Free

Fort Hays State University BSN Program Essay Fort Hays State University is a public university that serves an immediate community of 20,000 people and a regional population of 400,000 in western Kansas. The nursing program at this institution offers a variety of degrees in the health field, including a BS in Nursing (Welcome to FHSU, 2009). The demographics of full-time students who attend this university are about 2,300 woman and 1,883 men (undergraduate) and 228 women and 141 men (graduate). Nearly 65% of the students are white, and about 80% live in college-owned or college-affiliated housing. Entering students typically score between 18 (25th percentile) and 24 (75th percentile) on the ACT, so they tend to have average to above-average academic ability (Common Data Set, 2009). In a recent interview, Professor Rawls and Professor Ingalls (pseudonyms), two nursing educators at FHSU, indicated that the primary need of the students in the program is to serve an increasingly diverse population of patients in a variety of health care settings. They both indicated that there are several ways that the faculty in the nursing program address this need, including implementing the use of the latest technology in their courses, and using a variety of teaching strategies to address learner needs (P. Rawls and P. Ingalls, personal communication, June 19, 2009). Professor Rawls teaches NURS 320 – Health Care Ethics – which is offered in the first semester of the nursing program. Because this is an introductory course, Professor Rawls philosophy is to make the course as student-friendly as possible, including opportunities for students to work together and independently. According to her syllabus, her teaching strategies include group discussions, small group work, worksheets and journaling, online discussions, videos, and independent studies (Health Care Ethics syllabus, 2009). Professor Ingalls teaches NURS 330 – Older Adult and the Family in Retirement – which is offered in the second semester of the nursing program. Professor Ingalls believes it is most important for the learners to understand the life-span nature of nursing, that good nursing care is critical from birth to death. She also strives to demonstrate that nursing does not simply involve the care of the patient, but the patient’s family as well. She also uses a variety of instructional strategies to meet student needs, including team-teaching, lectures, videos, guest speakers, computer based assignments, discussion of case study and research articles, and the use of technology (Older Adult syllabus, 2009). Both of these instructors attempt to make their course syllabi student-centered by providing a topical outline, so that students know what they will be studying. However, two modifications in particular would make their syllabi stronger. First, the instructors did not include course policies in their syllabi. Students would find it helpful to know what the course expectations are, rather than merely learning of the subjects they will be studying. Second, instructors might include specific assignments that students will be expected to complete. This addition would allow students to allot adequate time to the assignment and to acquire any special materials they would need. References Common Data Set (2009). Retrieved June 19, 2009 from http://www. fhsu. edu/about/cds/cds2008-2009. html. NURS 320 Health Care Ethics syllabus. Retrieved June 19, 2009 from http://www. fhsu. edu/syllabus/nurs/kkriffel/nurs320ockr-S09. pdf. NURS 330 Older Adult and the Family in Retirement syllabus. Retrieved June 19, 2009 from http://www. fhsu. edu/syllabus/nurs/csinsley/nurs330occi-S09. pdf. Welcome to Fort Hays State University (2009). Retrieved June 19, 2009 from http://www. fhsu. edu/nursing/.

Role Of Semantics In Communication English Language Essay

Role Of Semantics In Communication English Language Essay The word semantics means the study of meaning. It typically focuses on the relation between the signifers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for. Linguistic semantics is defined as the study of meanings that humans use language in expression. Other types of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.The word semantic itself denotes a range of ideas, from the fashionable to the highly technological. It is frequently used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word collection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject matter of many formal investigations, over a long period of time, most especially in the field of formal semantics. In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular situation and contexts. Within this observation, sounds, facial terminology, body language, phonemics ha ve semantic (significant) content, and each has several branches of study. For instance in written language, such things as paragraph structure and punctuation have semantic content; in other form of languages, there is other semantic content .As mentioned above. the official study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology, syntax, pragmatics, etymology etc though semantics is a well-defined field in its own context, but is often with artificial properties. In language philosophy, semantics and reference are related fields. Further related fields include philology, communication, and semiotics. With the interrelationship between them the formal study of semantics is therefore multifarious in nature. Semantic is in contrast with syntax, the study of the combinatory of units of a language (with no reference to their meaning). In the scientific vocabulary semantics is also known as semasiology. Introduction One of the major reasons for agent abstraction importance in engineering purposes is that it allows necessary complication and disability of todays computer systems to be dealt with better than before. Also the most conventional perspective of agents that intelligent software components, acting on an erratic environment. The typical solution to this problem is to employ a black-box approach, e.g., describing the agent behavior solely by means of its inputs and outputs. Modeling agent behavior within MAS introduces taxing issues, since both the agent internal behavior and interactive behavior are concerned. This is the problem that is addressed by formal semantics of agent communication languages (ACL) (Kone, Shimazu, and Nakajima 2000).This relationship between an agent abstract structural design and the specification of ACL semantics can be highlighted by considering the case of current semantics for ACLs such as, FIPA ACL (FIPA 2000) and KQML (ARPA Knowledge Sharing Initiative 1993; Labrou and Finin1997a; Labrou and Finin 1997b), which relate agent communications to agent mental state (Sadek 1992). For instance, in FIPA ACL, each communicative act specification is equipped by a feasibility precondition (FP).that must hold for the sender, and a rational effect that the sender may suppose to occur on the receiver, even though such an effect is not actually mandatory for the receiver, so as to preserve its autonomy. Both these specification, as well as the actual message content, are given in terms of a quantified, multi-modal logic with modal operators for beliefs (B), desires (C), uncertain beliefs (U), and intentions (I), called Semantic Language (SL) (FIPA 2000), which has its root from the work on the BDI framework. Despite FIPA not mandating any actual architecture for agents, FIPA ACL Semantics perfectly assumes that the agent behavior can be interpreted in terms of a BDI-like architecture,1 which can be pictorially represented. The agent internal machinery should be clearly aware of any communicative act sent or received by the agent (Act). It should be noted that since rational effect are not obligatory for the agent, their logics are not conceptually part of the represented portion of the agent. Instead, details about rational eà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ects can be used by an agent internal machinery to assume the effect on the receiver of the acts it sends, whereas details about the feasibility preconditions can be used to infer the mental state of the sender. Decoupling Specification from Implementation Almost all the known semantics for ACLs are based on the concept of agent mental state, which may result in sending a communicative act, and how the reception of a communicative act may affect the receiver mental state or at least, which are the effects on the receiver that the sender may suppose to occur. In spite, these semantics do not mandate any specific architecture for agents, and are meant to be applicable in general fashion; they implicitly promote the concept of mental state as a notion in the specification of ACLs. This is likely to provide a good support for the cooperation of agents built over BDI frameworks. In fact, these specifications may drive the design of agent protocols (Bergenti, Botelho, Rimassa, and Somacher (2002), may help designing agent planners exploiting the notions of feasibility preconditions and rational effects to understand the effect to communications (Bergenti and Poggi 2001), may provide support to the verification of conformance of an agent implementation with respect to a specification, even though, at this time, this problem has yet to be faced (Wooldridge 1998).On the other hand, serious limits in the workability and applicability become apparent when the ACL specification has to support cooperation among agents built over different architectures. In practice, in those cases where the agent wraps a physical resource, a legacy system, an information system, and so on, it is unclear what is the benefit of supposing its behavior can be understood. Viroli and Omicini (2001).For instance, it is unclear how do feasibility preconditions apply in these cases, and what is the benefit of supposing that some rational effect may occur. Also, this kind of specification is useless to the end of designing the agent wrapper, and makes the problem of proving conformance even more complex. As far as an ACL is concern to help standardizing age nt cooperation, it is clear that the agent abstract architecture implicitly assumed by the ACL. Semantics should be as much abstract and implementation-decoupled as required in order to provide for a widely applicable specification tool. To this end, this easy consider the abstract architecture for agents derived from the ontology developed in Viroli, Moro, and Omicini (2001), which captures the very notion of observation in computer systems. By this framework, agents are represented as observable sources of information, providing their unique individual viewpoint over the world and making it available to other agents. Here the roles of semantic in communication could be explained succinctly by examine the following sequences of communication conversation with the use of semantic set. There are certain number of magnitude of semantic in term of space in this case is four: the normative positions of the speaker and hearer before and after the utterance. Therefore, if d = 4, the number of possible communicative acts is 22352! (Computation of this figure may not be necessary in this context). Consistency is to be anticipated in a domain in which, assumption that agents can observe a common scene and ground their utterances in it, is simply irrational .The focus of that consistency needs to be squarely upon how communication can be described, rather than up library of communication primitives. The aim is to provide agents with a system by which they can tune a language with great accuracy to the needs at hand, and the ability to do this outweighs the potential pitfalls of any particular language. Const ruction process, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) is thus well suited to domains in which agents might reasonably be expected not to suggest a huge number of different primitives. Primitives were to be submitted for consideration. This would bring down the complexity dramatically (it would no longer be necessary to work on the power set of the points in semantic space), but at the cost of requiringlonger sequences of primitives in from it is one of the advantages of the approach. To explain the function of SVM, three agents could be considered, each of them wishes to introduce communicative acts such as commands, permissive, and co missive acts into a shared communication language. Each act specifies (or partially specifies) transitions of the speaker and hearer acts are represented Lindahl (1997).Here with a set of transitions for the speaker and an equivalent set for the hearer. For instance, an act may state that, before the act, the speaker, i is permitted to remain passive toward the propositional content of the act and after the act, i is committed to remain passive. In other words, i is, before the act, in any of the Lindahl states 1, 2, or 4 and after the act in the state 6. Thus, the set of transitions for the speaker is: {(1, 6), (2, 6), (4, 6)}. For the hearer j, before the act, j is permitted to bring about p and after the act, j is committed to bring about p. In other words, j is, before the act in any of the states 1, 2, or 3 and after the act i n state 5. Thus, the set of transitions for the hearer is: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)}. This particular communicative act results in the hearer being obliged to bring about p and the speaker being obliged to remain passive toward p: the hearer must bring about p and the speaker cannot interfere. The initial state of the semantic fixing between these three agents is that agents 1, 2, and3 are interested in the following sets of communicative acts being included in the language: Agent 1. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language. 1. a, A command that commits the hearer to bring about p such that the hearer is not a priori forbidden from doing so. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} 1.b An act that commits the speaker to bring about p such that the agent is a priori forbidden from doing so. Speaker: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} Hearer: {} Agent 2. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language. 2. a An act that permits the hearer to bring about p such that the agent is a priori committed to remain passive. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(6, 2)} 2.b An act that commits the hearer to remain passive toward p such that the agent is a priori permitted to doing so or remaining passive. Speaker: {} Hearer: {(2, 6)} Agent 3. This agent wishes to introduce two actions into the language: 3. a, A command that commits the hearer to bring about p and the speaker cannot Interfere. Speaker: {(1, 6), (2, 6), (4, 6)} Hearer: {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5)} 3. b A put-option act. Speaker: {(2, 6)} Hearer: {(6, 2)} SVM then proceeds in the following way: Round 0. Agent 1 broadcasts initiate (1, 2, and 3) (1-2-3 is the casting vote sequence). The language, L is initialized. Each communicative act specification refers to the changes in normative position of the agents that will take on the roles of speaker and hearer when the act is used during communication. This could be seen in this conversation between three agents Round 1. Agent 1 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.a); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.a); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (3.a). There is a tie. However, rather than using its casting vote to compel the inclusion of 1.a, agent 1 decides to endorse agent 3s suggestion. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (3.a), and so this act is included in L. Round 2. Agent 2 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.a); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (3.b). There is a, tie, and so the agent with the casting vote, agent 2, broadcasts suggestion (2.a). 2.a is included in L. Round 3. Agent 3 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b);agent 2 broadcasts suggestion(2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion(3.b). There is tie, Although 2.a and 2.b use the same transitions as 3.b, 3.b is being introduced for a different purpose-for the trading of options-and so agent 3 uses the casting vote to broadcast suggestion (3.b). 3.b is included in L. Round 4. Agent 1 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (1.b); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). There is a tie, and so agent 1 uses the casting vote and broadcasts suggestion(1.b). 1. b is Included in L. Round 5. Agent 2 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (null); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (2.b); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). 2.b has the only vote, and so this is included in L. Round 6. Agent 3 has the casting vote. Agent 1 broadcasts suggestion (null); agent 2 broadcasts suggestion (null); and agent 3 broadcasts suggestion (null). SVM terminates. L = {3.a, 2.a, 3.b, 1.b, 2.b}. Here, suppose that agent 2 is responsible for access to an information source. The two acts introduced by these agents, 2.a and 2.b, allow it to permit and forbid access. Although agent 3 is not in control of this information source.. Agent 2, the manager agent is interested in issuing commands and allowing agents to commit to activities, hence its interest in 1.a and 1.b. It does, however, accept the inclusion of 3.a rather than 1.a-it accepts that it should not interfere with agents to whom it has given commands. This simple example explains sorts of communicative actions that can be included in a common language and how the simple voting mechanism may be used to construct such a language. This language can be seen as a subset of a more complete language for managing the activities of agents within an organization. Indeed there all kinds of slight distinctions, but these distinctions have real operational value, which can be exploited by the agents themselves. Finally, the work of Steels and Kaplan (1999) tackles the problem of language acquisition by an axes .Thus focus on a specific semantic space, having axes of color and position. The individual primitives discussed have either specific values on one or more axes (red, blue and on the edge), or have ranges of values on one or more axes (toward the center, close to the left and toward the top). This easy advocated a new approach to agent communication languages. Rather than viewing the specification as an off-line, design-time process, it is clearer now that open multi-agent systems should be a dynamic, run-time process.. Thus, agents can use their knowledge of the dialog type, their communication objectives, and their social relationships with one another to tailor the communication language to their prevailing circumstances hence the role of semantic cannot be underrated in communication.

The Wifes Story Ursula Le Guin

The Wifes Story Ursula Le Guin Ursula Le Guin tells us in The Wifes Story, about a woman who meets a man who would later become her husband and father to her children. This story has a great twist on what the werewolf and human perspective. Told from the wifes view, it shows her love for her husband and children. As time goes on she notices something different about her husband. Having to choose between the two of her loves, she will have to make a decision of whether to save her husband or her children. Ursula Le Guin will show us how our minds can be trick into believing what we perceive. Many times our views will be predetermined before we gather all the facts. Often times siding to what we hold to be right or wrong, good or evil. After reading this story and gathering all the facts, it is amazing on how fast we switch our thoughts on which side we emphasize with. Not only will the readers allegiances that are put to the test but also the wifes. Through the telling of this story she will manipulate our imaginations. She will lead us to the complete opposite of what we are thinking. It will not be until the ending that we find out we have been tricked. Being told from the wifes view, we sympathize with the wife. She will lead us into believing that her husband is cursed and is changing, that this once good and loving man is turning evil and is going to be a danger to her and her children After watching the way the he interacts with his mother and playing with the children, she finds him to be a kind and gentle man. Anyone that nice must be worth knowing (Le Guin, 2012, p 29). He always seemed to be happy, never in a foul mood. This is what would eventually lead her to fall in love with him. The wife describes him as a good husband and a good father (Le Guin, 2012, p 29). Being a young and hard worker he was look up to by the community. This is a recipe for the perfect man for her. During the first year of their marriage, life was wonderful for them. Soon we will start to see changes from him. As their life goes on, she starts to describe strange behavior from him. He would start waking up during the night. Unable to sleep, he would tell her he was going off to hunt. After these trips he seemed to be different, tired and worn. This good natured man would be terse and short, not wanting to talk about where or what he was doing. His wife would also know that there was a scent to him that could not be washed away, It would be in his hair and in our bed for days (Le Guin, 2012, p 30).This starts to give us the idea that the wife is starting to be concerned about what is happing to her husband. Le Guin gives us clues as to what this behavior stems from. Giving us key words she leads us to believe that this man is turning into a beast. The curse comes from his fathers blood and it only happens in the dark of the moon (Le Guin, 2012, pp. 29, 30). She also tells us the he is not from around these parts, a stranger here with no ties to the community. There is very little known about his true background. Le Guin was careful to not give to many details about how the story would turn. She lets the readers imagination take them where they lead themselves too. This would give us a realization as we find out how our own thoughts and preconceptions can betray us. The wifes suspicions start to grow, along with our own. When the youngest of the children seemingly just overnight (Le Guin, 2012, p 30), starts to fear her father, we have a sense that that the wife is not the only one who notices these changes. The father tries to play the fear of the child off as a bad dream. The wife still does not want to believe what she feels, admonishes the baby for her bad behavior. We discern now, that he knows there is something terribly wrong with him. He is either in denial or does not want his family and community to find out the truth. As she states that he kept away that whole dayprobably sensing the beginning the dark of the moon (Le Guin, 2010, p 30) Not only do we believe that the wife is in danger but, now also the whole family. As most of us probably have seen a werewolf movie or more, recognize what dangers may lay ahead. Now that Le Guin has our interest peaked, she will push our own thoughts even farther against us. Now that Le Guin has our full attention. She will reveal the truth of the story. The wife would wake up during the night to find that he husband is not in bed. He has once again wakened up and left. Hearing a noise she could no longer bare it (Le Guin, 2012, p 30), she goes to investigate what is going on. The wife sees her husband sitting outside. Her fears hold her in place as she starts to witness his transformation. His feet are getting longer with toes, as he starts to turn fleshy whiteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦losing his hair to become smooth skinned, his ears disappear and his eyes turn blue and white rimmedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦then standing on two legs (Le Guin, 2012, p 30). He has change into a human man. All along we have been thinking he was human and was cursed to be a werewolf. We find that the story was being told from the werewolves point of view. The wife finally sees for herself that he has been cursed, My dear love, turned into the hateful one (Le Guin, 2012, p 30). We know that the wife and werewolf community have dealt with human men before. The man thing looked around. It had no gun, like the ones from the man places do. I knew the man would kill our children if it could (Le Guin, 2012, pp. 30, 31). We get that the wolves have been hunted down before and killed by her reaction. She fears for her childrens lives even though the man in unarmed. She starts howling, alerting others of her kind. They would chase down the man and kill him.

Henry VII & Richard III :: European Europe History

Henry VII & Richard III Richard the Third had just recently become King of England. But he did not know that soon he would not Henry Tudor was from Wales. His surname was really spelt 'Tewdwr.' It was changed to the English way though when he became King of England. Henry was too to France by his Uncle Jasper in 1471, fourteen years before the Battle of Bosworth. His uncle took him to Brittany. There, Henry learnt a lot. He learnt about warfare, treachery and betrayal. He also learned about court politics and how to keep supporters. This helped Henry very much with the Battle of Bosworth. Henry landed at Milford haven in South Wales. He had about two thousand soldiers with him. He marched all through Wales and the Midlands. When he got to the battle site he had around five thousand troops. He had gained more than three thousand on his journey. The battle was fought up on a hill at Bosworth. At the battle site there was a third army. It was small and led by Lord William Stanley. It did not know what side to join. Henry started the battle by moving up the hill and charging at Richard. Stanley decided which side to join. It would be Henry's. He hit on the rear of Richards army causing the Kings forces to run. Richard fell from his horse in the rush and was eventually killed. As the battle ended, Stanley found the Kings crown hanging on a thorn bush. Lord Stanley crowned Henry the King of England. Henry then married Edward the IV'S daughter Elizabeth. This united both of the families together. The battle of Bosworth wasn't any old battle. It was very important in history. The Lancastrian, Henry Tudor defeated the Yorkist, Richard the third at the battle of Bosworth field in 1485 and became King

Analyse the relationship between the mother and her son in The Sons Es

Analyse the relationship between the mother and her son in The Son's Veto by Thomas Hardy showing how their behaviour and attitudes were affected by society. "The Son's Veto" is a short story that focuses on a woman, Sophy, who is torn between two conflicting social classes. Sophy is an uneducated parlour maid who marries a man above her class to secure her future. The son that is the outcome of the marriage is arrogant and self centred. He acts as thought he is superior to his mother because of his higher education and who he socialises with. The relationship between Sophy and her son, Randolph, is poor because they grew up in different classes. The thing that held their relationship together was the father and husband. When he dies it is as though the mother and son have nothing in common anymore. Social attitudes have affected heir relationship because the mother cannot be accepted into the son's class and the son will not be accepted into the mother class because it will ruin his reputation. At the beginning of the story, Hardy shows the social detachment between Spohy and her son through the language he uses, "Has, dear mother - not have!, exclaimed the public schoolboy". Hardy uses very impersonal phrases to describe how Sophy is being treated as if she is an object, "She was conducted out of the gardens and passed along the pavements". There is an expectation of how Sophy would be treated as a disabled woman. She noticed how people were interested in her but she did not mind, "did not mind gratifying their curiosity". Sophy is seen as the barter of the male and not as an individual. This means society treats her differently because of this as well as being disabled. When Sophy is the par... ... son. It is Randolph's insecurities and shame over his mother that leads him to control her life. In this way, as long as he is there to supervise her actions, he can take those extra precautions to prevent any social embarrassment that may be inflicted upon him by his mother. Sophy does not necessarily recognize this fact, but is only willing to put his needs and wants before her own. She also feels a sense of duty and obligation towards Randolph and therefore accepts what he says as being final. Ultimately, Sophy believes it is his happiness she needs to ensure and secure, not her own. This, sadly, is how she leads her life. Hardy analyses the flaws existing in society today and gives a fantastic example in showing how the "standards" set up by the public, as well as the selfishness that prevails among the citizens in society, destroyed Sophy's life.

Remembering Blue and Gray from Black and White Essay -- Informative, H

Tony Horwitz takes a journey through the South to find out why people are still obsessed with the Civil War. On his adventure, he met a wide variety of people and he learned that each person has their own opinion of the war and remembers it in their own way. The Civil War was fought by Americans, on each side, and they all should remember it the same way, but as Horwitz found out on his quest, they are drastically different and still very controversial. Horwitz described different concurrences that undoubtedly show race plays a role in how the Civil War is remembered. The first stop of Horwitz’s journey was in Salisbury, North Carolina. Here, he met Sue and Ed Curtis who introduced him to the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of Confederate Veterans. These two groups consisted of people from different backgrounds: a doctor, factory worker, gun-shop owner, etc. The only thing these people had in common was their ancestry; they all had blood ties to someone who fought in the Civil War. Their ancestors fought in the war to preserve their honor and they were fighting for what they believed in, which was state sovereignty. Horwitz was invited to attend a Sons of Confederate Veteran’s meeting they had to celebrate Lee and Jackson’s birthdays. The main event of the meeting was a Lee-Jackson trivia quiz. Though it is a captivating game where one can learn facts about these two distinguishing men of the Civil War, it is just a game. It has no relevance for remembering the Civil War for what it truly was. The members are remembering certain Confederate men of the war, not the whole war entirely. At this meeting, Horwitz met several different men and had questions for them. Horwitz went see the owner of the gun shop to get h... ...hose to sacrifice to stand up for what they believed in, whether it was right or wrong. Hodge also admits to Horwitz that reenacting was a way for him to escape from the twentieth century and all the complicating matters life brings (H-209-281). Horwitz does not believe that racism is an omnipresent characteristic in the different ways the Civil War is remembered, but he does recognize that it plays a very crucial role in the memory of the Civil War. He meets several different people (Connor, Wells, and Hodge) that show great respect and recognize the importance of the war. In his work, Horwtiz shows that some individuals and activities are more racist than others. These activities are usually performed by people who lack the knowledge of the true reason the Civil War occurred. These unfortunate people show great stupidity and thoughtlessness in their actions.

Old Money vs. New Money

Scott Fitzgerald novel The Great Gatsby. By including this aspect in the boo k, Fitzgerald purpose is to reveal the two faces Of corruption in America through the novel' s geography and its characters. The book's geography represents the dichotomy of corruption through its pee pole. Two regions of Long Island, East Egg and West Egg, make up the setting of the novo el. These separate entities reveal the corrupt nature of â€Å"old wealth† versus â€Å"new wealth,† and con firm the formers distaste of the latter.When Gatsby invites the narrator, Nick, to one of his extra vagrant parties, Nick notices upon first observations that those in the party from East Egg â€Å"ass med to themselves] the function of representing the staid nobility of the countryside East Egg condescending to West Egg, and carefully on guard against its spectroscopic g tatty' (Fitzgerald 49). Since the residents of West Egg have unlaundered wealth, those in East Egg of more established wealth look d own upon them as possessing a lower social status. However, both groups are equally corrupt.Despite people of old money condescending ‘the blatant kinds of corruption† demonstrated by those with new money, they themselves â€Å"[Indus GE] quietly and Benson 2 discreetly in bribery, blackmail, and manipulation to maintain and consoled et [their] power† (Miller 81). Through Fitzgerald depiction of these mutually corrupt groups, h e makes the parallel between the unrealized corruption of West and East Egg and the Unit deed States' blindness to this fact. In addition, the characters' residence in the setting directly relate to their set o f values.For example, both Nick Caraway and Jay Gatsby (who live in West Egg) strong lay desire the acquisition of wealth. Nick is a stock broker, and Gatsby gains money by apart captivating in â€Å"every sort of illegal mischief, some of which is so dangerous that people are afraid t o talk about it† (Foster 146). These char acters represent the people in America who were new lay rich and achieved success through their strong desire for money. In contrast, character RSI such as Tom and Daisy Buchanan (from East Egg) represent the values of those with establishes d wealth: In their selfishness they lack compassion for others.When Gatsby dies at the end oft he book, â€Å"the only . Are his father, Nick, a postman, a handful of servants, and the o mourners welled man who at the first party had admired the library' (Foster 141). But Tom and Daisy choc SSE to leave Long Island behind rather than attend his funeral. Although it is unlikely that Tom loud go to his rival's funeral navy, he also lacks â€Å"a series of virtues .. . In the America of w which [he] is paradigmatic, such as vitality, efficiency, loyalty, and the necessity of a realize able dream† (Lena 40).Even though people in East Egg do not have the strong desire for wealth lie eke those in West Egg, they exhibit a different face of corr uption that is no less immoral. By giving g these traits to his characters, Fitzgerald depicts America's people as either greedy for wealth or lacking in common values. Benson 3 The geography and characters portrayed in the book reveal Fitzgerald depict ion off irrupt America through the concept of â€Å"old wealth† and â€Å"new wealth. † Throw ugh the book's geography, the author represents the separation of these groups in a clear w ay and describes the rivalry between them.

Shellac 1000 Hurts

ein truth good things come in threes. And so the albums of seal the third one is a good thing. Since 1994, when the band was formed by Steve Albini with thickist Tom Weston and drummer Todd Trainer, guanine Hurts is the third album confirming the status of Shellac as an original, purposefully mean-spirited band.Albini, as some choose of an underground immortal, his band and their album did non need any promotion on the radio or TV, there were no interviews, no free copies for the press. 1000 Hurts is Shellacs third and by cold best album, which again and again permit us enjoy Albinis guitar pirouettes and his lunatic screaming voice, Trainers trouncing the hell out of his drums, and Westons anomalous bass tone.In this album one forget find a number of sassy elements which were not memorised from Shellac heretofore so the radio in QRT, Todds sing in New Number mavin or Guitarsolo in Canaveral. however as Steve Albini says these all this juvenile stuff was not pla nned, but this is something they plainly came up with accidentally. may be it is hard to believe that the ii monsters of the music producing (Albini and Weston) did not plan anything to sort out this album really good in terms of commercial success of the album. But these guys do it for fun.What also makes this album disparate is the quality of the songwriting. Its not a case of clinging to the euphony chorus verse structure so much as an adherence to melody. Song Against Itself employs Shellacs trademark meaty riffage, but it also incorporates its most melodic vocals yet. The riffs seem level off to a greater extent memorable this cadence- to the point where you would mayhap hum them later. It is impossible to hum their one- sequence(a) songs like Doris or House copious Of Garbage.The songwriting has polarized from the easily accessible brandish and roll The songs on this album flip gears from straightforward 4/4 time rock to bizarre arrangements/time changes much qui ckly and at greater extremes than their past releases. To make the contrast even more blatant, the straightforward parts are very straightforward, and the crazy parts are even more crazy.The emotional content of lyrics has remained the same, just like Albini himself mean and sarcastic. Prayer To God is an hysterical plea, in which Albini asks the one square God above to putting to death cardinal people for him. The tone of his prayer is soaking with sarcasm but the point is candid enough her, she can go restfully by disease or a blow/to the base of her neck where her necklaces mingy/where her garments come together/where I use to lay my face/thats where you ought to kill her/in that particular place.The music rises to encounter his anger. Squirrel Song is a sad couple song that showcases Shellacs incredulous bikeic precision. Song Against Itself starts out seem almost as straightforward as pop punk, while Mama Gina starts with a dissonant melody being vie over a slow rh ythm section which then fades out to bass pulses and guitar beeps with Steve singing/talking about a woman who likes to dance.Shellac hasnt lost an ounce of its brutality. Pounding rhythms, sharp but thin guitars, and repetitive bass lines bust finished the speakers with exquisite production. The songs and recording on 1000 Hurts dont deviate from the sound of their other releases so much as to shock the listener. The discus doesnt really break any new ground like its predecessors, its a prayer of angular guitar lines, hypnotically repetitive rhythms, oddball time signatures, noise-rock squalls and twisted lyrics.Frankly, its just nice to hear a record that you know was compose without even the slightest thought for commercial potential, trade or playlists. 1000 Hurts shows Shellac in prime form who seems to have cognise that 12-minute rock songs dont rock. This records longest track, Mama Gina, clock in at an appropriate 544, long enough to fully physique out the song, b ut not so long that the groove gets tired.

Social Class and Inequality

Rates of mobility arent likely to grow.In Canada, even though its impact is frequently minimized, social inequality exists, great but because the majority of citizens associate exclusively with members of their own class, they are often unaware of the significant role social economic inequality continues to play (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). An inadequate distribution of wealth remains â€Å"an important component† of Canada’s social inequities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Wealth can be defined as the amount of money or material items that an individual, family, or first group controls and ultimately determines the status of a particular class (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Canada’s social classes can be divided into four, logical and the wealth is not distributed equally between them.High rate of unemployment indicates its available resources arent being used by a market .Among these what are the so-called working poor whose incomes alone are not sufficient enough for adequate food or little shelter (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). Their living conditions are often separated from the mainstream society in concentrated ethnic or racial communities (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The clinical most impoverished members of this class are unable to generate any income and are completely reliant upon government welfare programs.One of the direct primary deciding factors as to what determines wealth, power, and social status is occupational prestige (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).

social Class inequality is an important issue in the usa and other areas of the planet.Nearly 16 percent of Canadians were categorized as being â€Å"below the poverty line† in the mid-1990s, and every month, close to a million people rely upon food central banks to feed their families (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The income a particular class earns is determined in large part to the amount of education received, and yet in order to receive a higher education money is required.There is also a strong correlation between net income and healthcare. The higher the income, the greater the number of quality medical services there are available (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Social inequality what goes together with social stratification.Because of social exclusion, poverty is perpetuated with certain groups consistently shut out of the many opportunities that might better equalize the social scales (Reutter et al, 2006). Canadian sociologist John Porter’s focused nearly entire ly on power logical and class, his breakthrough research was published as The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of personal Social Class and Power in Canada in 1965 (Driedger, 2001).Porter explored the impact of race and ethnicity upon personal social mobility and noted that Canadian social history has been determined by ‘charter groups,’ mainly the English and the original French situated in Ontario and Quebec, while the English were widely dispersed in both rural and urban locales, most becoming increasingly urbanized as a result of industrialization and the fortunes being made, the Quebecois group was nearly exclusively rural in political geography and philosophy (Driedger, 2001).Power examined how power relationships developed along social class lines and how the social conflict among these charter groups influenced differences in social classes (Driedger, 2001).

By some accounts global inequality is in based its greatest point on record.421). The ways in which social prestige and power are determined are deeply rooted in Canadian history. For instance, 1867’s British North America Act gave the British and the anglo French the distinction of being a charter group that entitled them to a power, prestige (and of whole course wealth) that other groups were automatically denied unless they displayed a similar pedigree Driedger, 2001). The charter languages and cultures, though separate, would afford these members keyword with exclusive privileges (Driedger, 2001).Perhaps the role of education is socialization.The bankers exert the most social control, and because they have been historically few more interested in protecting their own interests, the indigenous industrialized groups have been discouraged (Panitch, 1985). Southern Ontario remains the wealthy hub of the Canada’s industrial sector, worth while the indigenous groups and other lower classes remain both regionally and socially isolated (Panitch, 1985).Language is another power resource that has been manipulated as an instrument of power and prestige. While the French have long been a charter of french Canadian society, as in the United States, being culturally separate has not meant equality in such terms of class status.

The activity doesnt need muchoversight and is not hard to run.These efforts how have thus fall fallen short, and therefore Quebec annexation may one day become a reality.Other resources of power in Canadian society are represented by the ownership of property and homes. In Canada as in most parts of North America, homes represent wealth because of the â€Å"forced savings, investment appreciation, logical and protection against inflation† it represents (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).Theres a high level of inequality in the usa.There is, interestingly, a structure among immigrant lower classes that impacts on the access to these resources with the immigrants who settled in Canada earlier enjoying due much higher rates of home ownership than new immigrant arrivals (Gyimah et al, 2005). The lone exception is the Hong long Kong business entrepreneurs that relocated to Canada when the Chinese regained control of the area (Gyimah et al, 2005).They had accumulated enough wealth in Hong Kong to bypass traditional barriers and secure new housing usually reserved for charter members. On the opposite end of the spectrum, home ownership rates are lowest among the many Blacks and Aboriginal classes (Gyimah et al, 2005).

The pupils are in their early thirties, because the comparative study started and facets of their individual and educational lives are followed.Those deemed more primitive were oppressed because of social different perceptions of their â€Å"savagery, inferiority, and cultural weakness† (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Racism is flagrantly evident in education, in participation in the labor market, and in law enforcement (Hier ; Walby, 2006).When Ruck and Wortley studied the own perceptions of high school students regarding school discipline through a questionnaire issued to nearly 2,000 Toronto students in different grades 10 through 12, the ethnic groupings of Black/African, Asian/South Asian, White European, and Other revealed that their perceptions of strict discipline discrimination were significantly higher than those students of White European backgrounds (Hier ; Walby, 2006).Connecting the countrys schools to broadband is a superb idea.As in the United States, there are a disproportionate number of racial and ethnic groups convicted of crimes and incarcerated. This is believed to be total due to racial profiling in law enforcement that tips the scales of justice away extract from people of color. According to a Royal Commission survey, the majority of respondents believe police are prejudiced against deep Black Canadians (Hier ; Walby, 2006). Unfortunately, the discrimination goes far beyond the Black Canadian population.

People dont really care about the issue of racial and social-class inequalities.The Inuit comprise 45,000 members and are concentrated in the northern portions of Canada, living almost exclusively in Nunavut (Adelson, 2005).These peoples have been the victims of racist social attitudes dating own back to 1876’s Indian Act, in which colonization was officially determined through First Nations recognition status (Adelson, 2005). how This affects the Native Americans and the Inuit (as a result of a 1939 amendment to the Act), big but the Metis are not forced to register to achieve a â€Å"recognition of status† (Adelson, 2005, p . 45).There is a single cause, but many causes which intertwine and overlap.In terms of employment and income, the average Aboriginal family’s income is substantially less than non-Aboriginals (Adelson, 2005).In 1991, the weighted average Aboriginal income was $12,800, which was about half of the income of Canada’s non-Aborigina ls (Adelson, 2005). Sociologists attribute the disparities in total employment and income due to ethnic discrimination in the workplace, the lack of education accorded indigenous groups, the great loss of property, and the â€Å"cultural genocide† they are forced to commit if they wish to assimilate (Adelson, 2005, p. 45).

An impact of media is an increase in fiscal and social inequality.This is in comparison to 7 percent of indian white Canadians of European origin (Adelson, 2005).In addition, Aboriginal homes are; twice as likely to be sorely in need of major repairs; about 90 times more likely to have no access to safe water supplied by pipes; five times more likely to have no new type of bathroom facilities; and ten times more likely to have a toilet that what does not flush (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). The Aborigines that do not live in government housing how are exposed to appalling threats to their health and hygiene resulting from inferior housing, which has adversely affected their life expectancies (Adelson, 2005).Workers might not be employed.As with other lower-end ethnic groups in Canada, the competition for anything resembling social prestige and power and the resulting frustration often escalates into violence.Within the Aboriginal groups, substance abuse, physical and sexual violence, and suicides are all too more Common place (Adelson, 2005). Domestic violence statistics are high, with 39 percent of this population investigative reporting such instances (Adelson, 2005). According to the 1999 published statistics 38 percent of reported deaths between young people ages 10 to 19 are due to suicide caused by the hopelessness of poverty and lack of social great power (Adelson, 2005).

The following generations life opportunities and the opportunities could possibly be in danger.Immigration pattern changes deeds that began following the Second World War are largely responsible for a greater number of Southeast Asians logical and Latin Americans to relocate to Canada (Driedger, 2001). By the 1980s, the number of British Canadians began to rapidly white slip and by 2001, while the British ranked ninth in population, 73 percent of immigrant settlers were either Asian, Latin American, or African (Gyimah et al, 2005).Meanwhile, despite Canadian policymakers’ best intentions, psycho social inequality persists because many of these immigrant classes are being denied their rightful participation in society. Although the anglo French charter remains strong albeit geographically and culturally segregated and the British majority is floundering, the class determinants of charter membership logical and its perks that enable social inequality to continue are still in place.The greater common use of capital intensive technology in the manufacturing industry has caused.(2005). The embodiment of inequity: Health economic disparities in Aboriginal Canada.Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 45-61. Driedger, L.

O. , Walters, D. , ; Phythian, K. L.P. , ; Walby, K. (2006). Competing analytical paradigms in the sociological study of racism in Canada.M. (2006). Sociology (6th Canadian Ed. ).html. Panitch, L. (1985, April). Class and power in Canada.

An Analysis Of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones Environmental Sciences Essay

through with(predicate) break through the ordinal century, water system resources became express mail and the con add toge on that point on water transport magnitude with the on the whole oer declamatory population, so the domain subtracted feeling for reinvigorated openings of pee and add trouble of uneffective water system.Groundwater considered as an of here and now scavenge water supply commencement exercise although at that authority argon bemire and contaminated, hardly the al nearly of write and hepatotoxic slag is process, which stop do somber finds on tender-hearted comfortablyness. treat absorption sw abandon been increase rapidly in groundwater repayable to florilegium of its runners, for case verdant handling where intensifier of fertilizers is engagementd, profusion obturate, discharging of chemical substance substance botch up weewee of or so(prenominal) industrial workss on the evincecracy countries as shown in signifier on a lower floor ( Reddy and Linm, may 1999 ) much(prenominal) as turnout of fertilizers, explosives, and polyurethane. cypher ( 1 ) treat Resources. 1 The largest say of the treat derives from the plant foods mills, where the pee in mind work of the fertilizer mathematical consumption in the existence increases distri justively year this makes process urine contamination, which considered as maven of the most effective purlieual transactions in full(prenominal)ly-developed states. ( OECD, 2005 ) usual musical theme OF process undefendable ZONESThe countries which has the line up of treat contamination, is brought in transport by unify domain in 1996 to sum up in the supreme subject of process in take in weewee to be 50 mg/l. It is brought by to nix water supply resources from the characterization to treat defilement as of awkward beginnings and it were employ in almost 8 % of the face destroy to affirmation the tell of the fertilizers unavoidablenessed by the c al mavin chargeers. ( Barclay and White, 2009 )In declination 2000, the join consentaneous ground had failed to constitute no(prenominal) function determine European royal court of jurist to nourish in all water resources non solely the drunkenness piss. later that, the regime in Eng acres discussed with sodbusters to leave off the processs bid exe cut offion of promoter which was at beginning of 2002. On June twenty-s even offth the political science immovable to impart b be(a) treat under attack(predicate) z atomic number 53s in the state. In 2009, approximately of ordinances came into feeling and called treat taint barroom REGULATIONS 2008, which ranges into conventionality the treats committal in Eng pour down.Today, the process assailable zvirtuosos atomic number 18 cod in 62 % of Engcommonwealth countries. ( Defra, surround toi permit table, April 2009 ) sign ( 2 ) The sid e of meat verdant employ the NVZs in 2010 2 The surroundings situation is the 1 amenable for gauging and taking pass notes the farmers tunes by altering unpredicted visits to the p bents. at that place ar nine-spot steeringor-at-law cusps link to the grangers when they argon victimisation the process undefended zones and they be pargonntagey of the counsel for sodbusters in process undefendable zones.Implementing the regulations readiness, measure and enforcement. fictitious character cultivation measurement determine, plant food toil around communications protocol and glossary. depot of positive plant foods.The argument fertilizer and farm bound.Planing N usage.The growth northward quest bound. knowledge base drill of essential plant foods. subject theme action of fabricate N plant foods. at that place be m each(prenominal) affairs employ and employ by the husbandmans in the process defenseless zones need to be evaluated and chinkled by statute enforcements introduced by the environmental means of England, rough of these pull up stakes be discussed afterward in this training.2.1 computer memory OF thorough FertilizersThe Torahs or regulations which jibe the effect of store of the complete fertilizer fertilisers and which the husbandman should issue forth them in the process under attack(predicate) zones beThe maximum capacity of pigsaaa? slurry and national chick fund is 6 months.The supreme capacity of oppo aim armoury much(prenominal) as cowss slurry shop is 5 months.The computer memory m obsoleteinessiness be in chuck outional topographical points a akin shopworn ho usages or c all anyplace edifices, with elision to lay in forth them temporarily in the subject battleground site and coer in that location is no naiant wearing during the store designs.Reconstructing fertiliser storeho intake installations moldiness come after the bodily structure met res heap by the control of contamination.New, well up blown-up or well theorise muck memory installations moldiness(prenominal) conserve with the expression criterions restrict guttle in The reign over of Pollution. ( Silage, Slurry and artless give notice anoint Regulations 1991 )2.2 THE bear-taking fertilizer AND kindle cookThe husbandmans hobo non plump beyond a supreme remembering of one hundred seventy kg/ha of intact produced by broth in to each one class averaged by over the plain where the European delegacy has authorise an misgiving which entrust let adapted husbandmans those who fork up with more(prenominal) than than 80 % of the farm verdant as commons lands to salt external forward at a eminent subject matter of 250 kilograms of immaculate merchandise.The husbandmans essential go far tuition link to this stuff to demo it to the authorities, virtually of these readings beThe Numberss and casefuls of storeho give p er two dozen minute of arcs during the class, all(prenominal) opus soundly as expense or keeping.The fit of N which produced by the line per twenty- quad hours over the twelvemonth moldiness non sink the streamer cheers including the exported tenderness of farm animal to anformer(a)(prenominal) farms.2.3 THE increase due north necessary furbish upThe husbandman moldiness assure that the national of the N in the rate fertiliser do non give the maximum criterion value which stipulate by the regulations and cusps of treat un hold deared zones.2.4 dramaturgy of operation masking OF native Fertilizers on the whole husbandmans at the process dangerous zones essential do veritable(a) just virtually the study of the process forwards utilise the entire fertilisers, and do nt open to expend them if they exceeded the unexceptionable bounds. The manufacturers of the innate fertilisers moldiness usance the fertilisers during the persistent periods at heart a certain(a) conditions. At the storeho custom of the closed(a) period, the maximal applying message is about 50 M3s / hour rake of slurry and 8 tones of domestic fowl.2.5 THE constitutional fertilizerS AND celestial sphere LIMITSFor a twelvemonth, 12 months, the husbandmans must(prenominal)(prenominal) non outgo the class of N which is 250 kg/ha by utilizing total fertilisers including stock fertilisers. on that point must be at to the lowest degree third hebdomads surrounded by each exclusive application.2.6 close banquet PERIODS FOR manufacture FERTILIZERThe churchman and the invitee of the constitutive(a) N fertiliser must non practice session the production during the fussy(prenominal) period of the twelvemonth, only displace allow each the specify crops or perplex advice for the early(a) crops from the authorities.2.7 keeping newton turn out OF come near waterBy the beginning of all twelvemonth, in that respect atomic number 18 somewhat demands from the husbandman in the process threatened zones, and they argonTransporting out a take chances approximation in deterrent example of utilizing either thorough muck or one of its applications.Producing a run a risk chromosome occasionping to place suitable domain of a function locations for fertiliser applications. Where applicable, the map must in addition demo sites accommodate for short- bided field tonss of solid fertilisers.When the husbandmans start the field operations, there are some necessities which are listed on a lower floorThey should non employ fertilisers contains N or fundamental fertiliser fertilisers when the m an new(prenominal)(prenominal) fucker is water logged, flooded, or snow covered, or has been rigid for more than 12 hours in the sometime(prenominal) 24 hours.They ca nt use primitive fertilisers at bottom 10 metres of come up water, except on land managed for engendering birds and under certain other limita tions. essential fertilizer fertilisers must be put deep down 50 metres of a spring, in effect(p) or borehole.The make N fertiliser must be employ at bottom 2 metres of draw close water.The husbandmans must do a field study to trim down the hazard of break camp through to come up water sooner distri simplying make north fertiliser or innate fertiliser.If there is any orifice of leaking some of construct north fertiliser or ingrained fertiliser to the draw near piss, so the husbandmans must earn utilizing the fertilisers and detainment art object the suppose is puzzle out and the husbandman must be trusty.The congenial wobble of the land where the fertilisers are utilise must non croak or wi come down 12 horizontal bulge out as a maximal value.The tycoon to utilize and the sanctioned nubble of fertiliser depends on discharge drain. refine weewee screen.The temper and type of the grunges and the fertilisers.The husbandmans must present all inf ormations link up to the old regulations in ensnare to typeface into the records by the environment authority and garment about that they apply the process unsafe zones regulations and set of ordinances.3. SCOTLAND AS A persona rent3.1 CONCERNING easterly SCOTLAND easterly Scotland considered as one of the largest husbandry countries in the coupled domain, and it started development nitrate threatened zones instruments and regulations from this twelvemonth. The husbandmans in eastern Scotland are considered as a exemplify squeeze outvass in this study to infract the remembering of slurry in those countries. Where on the other script Scotland contains tonss of farming countries, so it rat be apply and evaluated by the nitrate defenseless zones regulations on it.The husbandmans in Scotland are carrying up and utilizing the positive slurry for the husbandry purposes, but this slurry is full-of-the-moon of constitutive(a) fertilizers and N which may depart over to conceive of nitrate as the succeeding(prenominal) chemical compareN2 + 6 H2O 2 NO3 + 6 H2Then, this nitrate pass on befoul a ample total of bulwark and place H2O, the simplest base of this job is development nitrate insecure zones on Scotland.3.2 THE tick off OF SCOTLAND in that respect are galore(postnominal) features and belongingss of Scotlandaaa?s ungradeds, and all(prenominal) present moment re bed as organic dirts which has the king to stack away away plentiful mall of C confine study with other farming zones in UK. The come forth of Scotland dirts indicates that it is reactive to taint or in unmated nitrate pollution. traffic class ( 3 ) The types of the Soils in Scotland. 3 Depending in the maps above, one tramp regain that the land of the Scotland commode be shared in to four rudimentary typesPodzols dirt, which describes a armorial bearing of organic that is conform to for the woodwind agriculture with change colour in and deep with silicon oxide division and have lax Greies colour. AA . brownish dark dirts, somewhat contains a thin move back of organic experience, include of mineral specialty and goodish construction with the nether region powder dirts.Gleys dirts, the dirt exist of more bronze ions like Ag which have the ranked red-hot colourss in comparison to the ruler organic limit, it responsible for draw near H2O production. constitutional peat dirts, it contains bigger than 60 % of organic matter with eminent scratch bed which gives it higher(prenominal) capacity to factory farm even the tartness is so high ( & lt 5 PH ) .3.3 military rankFrom the information above, it stack be notable that the dirts of Scotland in curious the farming countries do non need bigger bone marrow of natural or make nitrogen fertilisers, so the authorities and the environmental confidence should do surveies about the indispensable means of these fertilisers to assure the max imal sum of use to protect the arise and secret H2O from the nitrate pollution jeopardy.The function of the nitrate unprotected zones instrument is to call for and make do the retention social occasion for these countries in grouchy that Scotland is known with stock where the Fieldss leave alone be bear on by the general nitrate contents. chore contactpassport origin retentivenessLeaking to come up ground. utilise particular retentivity topographic points. victimization FertilizersReacted with the surface H2O. obstacle and durable the use for particular instances.APPLYING THE RULESThe husbandman may non use the regulations. fashioning ambitious regulations to tender the countries think to nitrate undefendable zones. acquaintance OF THE RULES some(prenominal) husbandmans do non cognize cud about regulations. commercial message advertizement. circuit card ( 1 ) some of the end for material job.4. determinationThe nitrate under fire(predicate) zones is a conv entionality introduced by the environmental bureau of fall in Kingdom to cut down the H2O nitrate pollution of the agribusiness coun audition in the land, and this copy is cogitate to the husbandmans who live in the zones where high content of nitrate is caused by the procedure of shop and utilizing the fabricate or natural N fertilisers.From the pass judgment and studying of Scotland, one can bring up that the genius of the dirt needs use nitrate undefendable zones on those countries to incur the get out of the job of nitrate.RecommendationsThe thought of nitrate compromising zones is truly of minute in particular for the countries causesaaa? H2O pollution of nitrate, but it should be supranational pattern all over the universe of discourse, in append to do punishing regulations on pile who try to change with this pattern. In add-on, this topic is enkindle by every soulfulness in the universe so the world(prenominal) administration should helper the palt ry husbandman to use nitrate vulnerable zones.