Databases :: essays research papers

entropybases The Many Faces of Databases Large databases can contain hundreds of interrelated files. Fortunately a database oversight system can shield users from the complex cozy workings of the system, providing them with only the information and commands they need to get their jobs done. In fact, a well-designed database puts on different faces for different classes of users. Downsizing and Decentralizing The earliest file management programs could only do batch processing, which required users to accumulate transactions and feed them into computers in large batches. These batch systems werent able to provide the kind of immediate feedback we transport today. Today disk drives, inexpensive memory, and sophisticated software have allowed moveive processing to replace batch processing for most applications. Users can now interact with data through terminals, viewing and changing values in real time. Batch processing is still used for printing periodic bills, invoices, and rep orts and for making patronage copies of data files. But for applications that demand immediacy, such as airline reservations, banking transactions, and the like, interactive, multiuser database systems have taken over. Until recently most databases were housed in mainframe computers. But for a emergence number of organizations, the traditional centralized database on a mainframe system is no longer the norm. Some companies use a client/server cost Database software in client desktop computers works with files stored in central server databases on mainframes, minicomputers, or desktop computers. Other companies use distributed databases that use data strewn out across networks on several different computers. From the users point of view, the differences between these approaches may not be apparent. Tomorrows Databases? Many computer scientists believe that the relational data model may be supplanted in the next decade by an object-oriented data model, and that most future database s will be object-oriented databases rather than relational databases. kinda of storing records in tables and hierarchies, object-oriented databases store software objects that contain procedures (or instructions) along with data. Object-oriented databases often are used in conjunction with object-oriented programming languages. Tomorrows databases will be able to respond intelligently to commands and queries issued in natural human language. Rules of Thumb Dealing with Databases A few common-sense rules when working with file managers or relational database management systems are o Choose the right tool for the job. o Think about how youll get the information out before you put it in. o Start with a plan, and be prepared to change it.